Growth pre- and postimplementation of a steroid-free induction protocol in a large pediatric intestinal transplant population.

OBJECTIVES: Beginning in March 2002, we initiated steroid-free lymphocyte depleting immunosuppression with rabbit anti-human thymocyte globulin (rATG) for all children who received an intestinal transplant (ITx). The purpose of the present study was to determine whether this treatment regimen supported growth. Because steroids were used for rejection episodes only, we hypothesized that improved growth would be observed in steroid-free rATG-treated children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nutrition outcomes in patients who received an ITx between December 1996 and February 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. Nutritional analysis included evaluation of differences in weight and height z scores between transplantation and 2 years post-ITx by the type of immunosuppressant therapy received. RESULTS: A total of 109 children received an ITx during the evaluation period. Of these, 29 received a transplant before March 2002 and received an induction regimen that included anti-T-cell immunosuppressant, tacrolimus (TAC), with prednisone (steroid). The remaining 80 children received an induction regimen of rATG and TAC without steroids (steroid-free). Steroid-free children met their full nutritional requirements enterally or orally in a median of 2 months, whereas children treated with the steroid regimen reached nutritional autonomy 7 months after transplant (P < 0.001). A positive trend in z score values over time for height was observed in 48% of steroid-free patients versus 44% in the steroid regimen. The change in mean z score for linear growth over time was most positive (0.55) in the steroid-free group and <120 days of steroids during the follow-up period with 62% of patients in this group observed to have positive growth over time. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional autonomy was achieved rapidly, and positive growth was observed in the majority of patients with ITx who received steroid-free immunosuppression with rATG.

Interdisciplinary management of pediatric intestinal failure: a 10-year review of rehabilitation and transplantation.

Management of children with intestinal failure is optimized by interdisciplinary coordination of parenteral and enteral nutrition support, medical management of associated complications, surgical lengthening procedures, and intestinal transplantation. Three hundred eighty-nine pediatric patients have been referred to our center for interdisciplinary assessment of intestinal failure since 1996 (median age=1 year; range 1 day-28.8 years). Factors predictive of weaning from parenteral nutrition without transplantation included increased mean bowel length for patients with gastroschisis (44 vs. 23 cm, p<0.05) and atresia (35 vs. 20 cm, p<0.01) and lower mean total bilirubin for patients with NEC (6.1 vs. 12.7 mg/dL, p<0.05). Others were also more likely to survive if referred with a lower mean total bilirubin (NEC, 7.9 vs. 12.7 mg/dL, p<0.05; pseudo-obstruction, 2.3 vs. 16.3 mg/dL, p<0.01). Patients weaned from parenteral nutrition by 2.5 years after referral achieved 95% survival at 5 years vs. 52% for those not weaned. Bowel lengthening procedures were performed on 25 patients. Eight subsequently weaned from parenteral nutrition without transplantation. Aggressive medical and nutritional intervention along with early referral, intestinal lengthening procedures, and intestinal transplantation in children with intestinal failure dependent on parenteral nutrition can result in the achievement of enteral autonomy and improved survival.